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Åland

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Coordinates: 60°15′N 20°22′E / 60.250°N 20.367°E / 60.250; 20.367
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(Redirected from Alandia)
Not to be confused with Öland.
This article is about the region of Finland. For the constituency, see Åland (parliamentary electoral district). For the former province, see Province of Åland. For other uses, see Aland (disambiguation).

Åland
Autonomous region
Region of Åland
Landskapet Åland (Swedish)
Ahvenanmaan maakunta (Finnish)
Flag of Åland
Flag
Official seal of Åland
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Ålänningens sång" (Swedish)
(English: "Song of the Ålander")
Location of Åland within Finland
Location of Åland within Finland
CountryFinland
Autonomy granted7 May 1920[1]
First Regional Assembly (Autonomy Day)9 June 1922[2][3]
EU accession1 January 1995
Capital
and largest city
Mariehamn
60°07′N 019°54′E / 60.117°N 19.900°E / 60.117; 19.900
Official languagesSwedish
Demonym(s)
  • Ålandic/Ålandish
  • Ålander
  • Ålänning
  • Åländare
  • Ahvenanmaalainen
GovernmentDevolved parliamentary autonomous region
• Governor
Marine Holm-Johansson [d]
• Premier
Katrin Sjögren
• MP
Mats Löfström
LegislatureLagting
Area
• Total
1,580[4] km2 (610 sq mi) (unranked)
Highest elevation
129.1 m (423.6 ft)
Population
• 2023 estimate
30,541[5] (223rd)
• Density
19.07/km2 (49.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
$1.563 billion[6]
• Per capita
$55,829
GDP (nominal)2020 estimate
• Total
€1.1 billion
• Per capita
€36,200[7]
HDI (2022)0.937[8]
very high
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy
Driving sideRight
Calling code+358 18
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD.ax
Websitewww.aland.ax

Åland (/ˈɔːlənd/ AW-lənd; Swedish pronunciation: [ˈǒːland]; Template:Lang-fi) is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland located in the Baltic Sea. It consists of an archipelago of around 6,700 islands, skerries, and rocks at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, between Sweden and mainland Finland. The capital and largest town is Mariehamn.

In 1921, the League of Nations granted Åland autonomy following the Åland Islands dispute.[1] It has its own parliament and exercises extensive self-governance under the Act on the Autonomy of Åland. Åland is Swedish-speaking, and residents are exempt from conscription. A special protocol under Finland's accession to the European Union maintains exemptions from certain EU rules, including VAT regulations.[9]

Åland is Finland’s smallest region by both land area (1,580 km2 (610 sq mi))[4] and population (30,541 in 2023),[10] representing about 0.5% of Finland’s total.

Autonomy

[edit]
Main article: Autonomy of Åland
See also: Special member state territories and the European Union and Åland's Autonomy Day

Åland's autonomous status was confirmed by the League of Nations in 1921 following the Åland Islands dispute between Finland and Sweden. While Finland retained sovereignty, Åland was granted far-reaching self-government, protection for the Swedish language and culture, and a guarantee of demilitarisation.[1][11]

The Act on the Autonomy of Åland was adopted by the Parliament of Finland in 1920 and replaced by revised acts in 1951 and again in 1991. It grants Åland legislative authority in areas such as education, culture, health, environment, internal transport, and policing. Finnish state authorities retain control over foreign affairs, most taxation, and the judiciary. The Act is referenced by the Constitution of Finland to define Åland’s constitutional status.[12]

Åland is a monolingual Swedish-speaking region by law. The right of domicile (hembygdsrätt) is required to vote in elections to the Parliament of Åland or to own land in unplanned areas. This right is granted based on residency and language proficiency.

Åland also forms a separate customs territory within the European Union. After Finland voted to join the EU in a national referendum on 16 October 1994, Åland held its own vote on 20 November. Ålandic voters approved membership with 73.6% support.[13] A protocol attached to Finland’s accession treaty exempts Åland from certain EU rules, notably free movement of capital and services and VAT regulations.[14]

The autonomy is marked annually on 9 June as Åland's Autonomy Day, commemorating the opening of the first session of the Parliament of Åland in 1922.[2][3]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Åland is believed to derive from Proto-Norse *Ahvaland, meaning "land of water." The root aqua in Latin is cognate with the Proto-Germanic stem *ahwō, meaning "water" or "river." The name developed into Old Swedish Áland and then modern Swedish Åland, commonly interpreted as "river land," although no major rivers are found on the islands.[15][16]

The Finnish and Estonian names — Ahvenanmaa and Ahvenamaa, respectively — mean "perch land" (from ahven, meaning the fish perch). These may reflect an older Finnic naming tradition, a reinterpretation of the Swedish name, or an entirely separate etymology.[16]

The official name in Swedish, Landskapet Åland, means "the Region of Åland," where landskap refers to a historical or administrative province and is related to the English word "landscape."

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Åland

Prehistory and Swedish Rule

[edit]
Swedish map of Åland from before 1667 showing shipping lanes, harbours, churches and boundaries

Åland has been inhabited since the Neolithic period, beginning around 7000 years ago as land gradually re-emerged following the last glacial period. Two distinct Neolithic cultures settled the islands: the Comb Ceramic culture and the later Pit–Comb Ware culture, which expanded westward.[17]

Inhabitants in the Stone and Bronze Ages lived by hunting seals and birds, fishing, and gathering. Agriculture also developed early. From the Iron Age, six hillforts survive, and over 380 Viking Age burial sites have been identified.[17]

Construction of Kastelholm Castle began in the 1380s. In 1505, it was captured by Danish commander Søren Norby. The Kastelholm witch trials took place there in 1665 and 1668.[citation needed]

The Coat of arms of Åland—a golden red deer on blue—was originally intended for Öland in 1560 but assigned to Åland in error. It is traditionally topped with a comital coronet.[18][19]

Russian Rule and the Åland Question

[edit]
The Battle of Bomarsund during the Crimean War

Åland, along with Finland, was ceded to the Russian Empire in 1809 under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. The islands became part of the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous region within the empire.

In 1832, the Russians began constructing the fortress of Bomarsund. During the Crimean War in 1854, British and French forces destroyed it. The Treaty of Paris (1856) subsequently demilitarised Åland, a status that remains in effect.[20]

Despite the treaty, Russia remilitarised the islands during World War I as a precaution against possible German attack.[21]

Swedish artillery in Haraldsby during the Invasion of Åland, 1918

In 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, Sweden sent troops to Åland to protect local civilians and separate Russian and Finnish forces. Soon after, German troops replaced them at the request of the Senate of Finland. The Battle of Godby in Finström was the main military engagement.[22]

In 1919, more than 95% of Ålanders signed a petition seeking union with Sweden, citing fears of past Russification and rising Finnish nationalism.[23][24]

Autonomy and Modern Era

[edit]
Public signage highlighting Åland’s autonomous status

In 1921, the League of Nations resolved the Åland dispute by ruling that Åland would remain part of Finland but with extensive autonomy and protection of Swedish language and culture.[25] Nitobe Inazō of Japan played a key diplomatic role in the settlement.[26]

The Åland convention of October 1921, signed by ten countries, reaffirmed Åland's demilitarised status.[27][28] The regional parliament first convened on 9 June 1922, now celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.[2]

During World War II, Åland’s merchant fleet served both Allied and Axis countries under neutrality.[citation needed]

In 2006, Finland issued a €5 commemorative coin for the 150th anniversary of Åland's demilitarisation, featuring a pine tree and a dove-topped rudder.[29]

Politics

[edit]
Main article: Politics of Åland
The Parliament of Åland with flags of the European Union, Åland, Finland, and several neighbouring countries

Åland is governed under the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and related international treaties. These establish the region’s autonomous status within Finland and its demilitarised character. Finland retains ultimate sovereignty. The Government of Åland (Landskapsregering) operates under a parliamentary system, answering to the Parliament of Åland (Lagting).[30]

Åland maintains several independent institutions. It has its own flag, a police force, and has issued its own postage stamps since 1984.[31] It is an associate member of the Nordic Council, and its government performs the functions of Finland’s regional councils. Åland Post operates independently and is part of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation.

Åland is exempt from conscription due to its demilitarised status. It is also a separate jurisdiction for amateur radio purposes, with distinct call sign prefixes: OH0, OF0, and OG0.[32]

Åland elects one representative to the Parliament of Finland. Its party system is separate from that of mainland Finland and includes local parties such as the Future of Åland (Ålands Framtid), which supports independence.[33]

Homeschooling

[edit]

While homeschooling is restricted in Sweden, it is permitted in Åland under Finnish law. As a result, some Swedish families have moved to Åland, including members of Sweden’s national homeschooling association.[34]

Governance policies

[edit]

Åland planned to introduce electronic voting for expatriate voters in the 2019 parliamentary elections and considered expanding it to all voters in 2023. The trial was cancelled shortly before implementation due to concerns over system reliability.[35][36]

Åland and the EU

[edit]

Åland held its own referendum on membership in the European Union on 20 November 1994. A majority of voters approved membership, and Åland followed Finland into the Union in 1995. A special Åland protocol regulates Åland's position within the EU. It grants exceptions to certain EU rules, especially on the right of non-Ålanders to own real estate or operate businesses in the region. The protocol also excludes Åland from the EU VAT area, treating it as a third country for tax purposes. This allows tax-exempt sales on ferries between Åland and other countries to continue.[citation needed]

Administration

[edit]
Main articles: Åland State Provincial Office and State Department of Åland
An Åland licence plate

The State Department of Åland represents the Finnish central government and performs many administrative duties. It differs from the other Regional Administrative Agencies due to Åland’s autonomous status. Until 2010, these tasks were handled by the Åland State Provincial Office.

The State Department is led by the Governor of Åland, who represents the Finnish State. The Governor opens the Lagting’s sessions on behalf of the President of Finland. The Governor is appointed by the President in consensus with the Speaker of the Lagting. If no consensus is reached, the Lagting nominates five candidates, one of whom the President appoints.[30]

Åland has its own postal administration but uses Finland’s five-digit postal code system in the 22000–22999 range, with the prefix AX. Mariehamn uses AX-22100, and the outer islands such as Jurmo use AX-22950.

Municipalities

[edit]
Main article: Municipalities of Åland

Åland is divided into 16 municipalities. Over 40% of the population lives in Mariehamn, the capital and only urban centre.[37]

Population by municipality
Municipality Population Trend
Mariehamn 11,898 Decrease
Jomala 5,794 Increase
Finström 2,619 Increase
Lemland 2,133 Increase
Saltvik 1,778 Decrease
Hammarland 1,637 Increase
Sund 1,001 Decrease
Eckerö 957 Decrease
Föglö 507 Decrease
Geta 515 Decrease
Vårdö 462 Decrease
Brändö 436 Decrease
Lumparland 371 Decrease
Kumlinge 274 Decrease
Kökar 227 Decrease
Sottunga 101 Decrease

Population data as of 31 December 2024.[38]

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Åland
See also: Geology of Åland
Geographical features and municipalities of Åland
People hiking in Åland

Åland holds a strategically important location, controlling one of the sea routes to Stockholm, as well as access to the Gulf of Bothnia and proximity to the Gulf of Finland.

The archipelago includes nearly 300 habitable islands, of which about 60–80 are inhabited; the rest comprise roughly 6,200 skerries and uninhabited rocks.[39] It connects eastward to the Åboland archipelago (Turunmaan saaristo, Åbolands skärgård), forming the larger Archipelago Sea. To the west is the Sea of Åland, and to the north the Bothnian Sea.

The Degersand Beach in Eckerö[40]

The terrain is rocky with thin soil, shaped by glacial erosion during the last ice age.[39] Åland also features coastal meadows supporting diverse insects, including the Glanville fritillary.

The total land area is 1,527 km2 (589+1⁄2 sq mi).[41] About 90% of the population lives on Fasta Åland, which includes the capital, Mariehamn. Fasta Åland is the largest island, with area estimates ranging from 740 km2 (290 sq mi)[39] to 1,010 km2 (390 sq mi), depending on the boundaries used.[42]

Sheep grazing on a small island

During the Åland Islands dispute, cartographic differences influenced perceptions. Swedish maps highlighted the populated main island and omitted skerries, implying proximity to Sweden. Finnish maps included many smaller islands, emphasizing continuity with mainland Finland. The frequently cited "over 6,000 skerries" gained currency from the League of Nations arbitration.[citation needed]

Several species, including moose and deer, were introduced in the 20th century.

Climate

[edit]

Åland has a humid continental climate (Dfb) moderated by the sea. Summers are cooler than in mainland Sweden and Finland, while winters are only slightly milder.

Climate data for Mariehamn Airport (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1914–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.8
(49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.4
(43.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		2.7
(36.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		35
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		31
(1.2) 		35
(1.4) 		53
(2.1) 		52
(2.0) 		76
(3.0) 		61
(2.4) 		70
(2.8) 		71
(2.8) 		59
(2.3) 		634
(25)
Average precipitation days 17 13 12 9 10 10 9 13 12 16 17 17 155
Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 74 130 207 297 296 312 235 163 91 41 26 1,911
Source 1: FMI (historical extremes 1914–1961)[43]
Source 2: record highs and lows 1961–present[44]

Economy

[edit]
See also: Transport on the Åland Islands
Mariehamn Airport in Jomala
Ferry port in Överö [sv], Föglö
The sailing ship Linden in Östra Hamnen, Mariehamn's eastern port

Åland’s economy is dominated by shipping, trade, and tourism. Shipping accounts for around 40% of economic activity, with several international carriers based on the islands. Other sectors are primarily composed of small businesses with fewer than ten employees. Farming, fishing, and food processing remain important. A few technology firms and the expansion of wind power also contribute to economic growth. In December 2011, wind power provided 31.5% of Åland’s electricity.[citation needed]

Key ports include the Western Harbour in Mariehamn, Berghamn on the west coast, and Långnäs on the east coast. The four main highways—1 to Eckerö, 2 to Sund, 3 to Lumparland, and 4 from Finström to Geta—connect major locations on Fasta Åland.

Mariehamn was once a hub for the world’s last commercial sailing ships, transporting Australian wheat to Britain until 1947. The Pommern, now a museum ship, is a surviving example.

Åland’s tax status is distinct within the EU. When Finland joined the EU, it secured a VAT exemption for Åland, allowing ferries between Sweden and Finland to continue offering tax-free sales if they stop at Mariehamn or Långnäs. This exception also requires tariffs on goods imported into Åland. While two million visitors arrive annually, most only stay briefly during ferry stopovers or transfers.[46]

As of January 2025, Åland’s unemployment rate was 5.4%.[47] The employment rate was 79.8% in 2011 and rose to 81.4% in 2024.[48]

Torggatan, a pedestrian street in Mariehamn
Bank of Åland, Mariehamn

The Finnish government collects taxes and fees in Åland and allocates a fixed share—0.5% of state income (excluding loans)—to the Åland Parliament. If Åland’s contribution exceeds that share, the surplus is returned as a "diligence allowance".[49] In 2010, Ålanders paid 0.7% of Finland’s total taxes.[50]

The euro is the sole legal currency, though many businesses also accept the Swedish krona.[51] As of 2006, Åland was the wealthiest region in Finland and ranked 20th among the EU’s 268 regions, with a GDP per capita 47% above the EU average.[52][53]

Bank of Åland is headquartered in Mariehamn, and the government owns Paf, a gambling operator also based in the city.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharper downturn in Åland’s economy than in Sweden or mainland Finland. However, economic recovery has since been underway.[54]

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnicity and language

[edit]
See also: Languages of Åland
Languages in Åland (2021)
Language Percent
Swedish
 
 86.0%
Finnish
 
 4.6%
Romanian
 
 1.8%
Latvian
 
 1.6%
Other
 
 6.0%

Swedish is the sole official language of Åland and is spoken as a first language by 86% of the population (2021). Finnish is spoken by 4.6%, while other languages account for the remainder. Public education is conducted in Swedish only, unlike on mainland Finland where bilingual municipalities provide instruction in both Swedish and Finnish. For details on the local dialect, see Åland Swedish.

There is some ambiguity regarding the ethnic classification of Ålanders. They are often described as ethnic Swedes or as part of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland. Linguistically, Åland Swedish is closer to the Uppländska dialect of eastern Sweden than to Finland Swedish.[citation needed]

Right of domicile (hembygdsrätt) is required to vote or stand in elections for the Parliament of Åland and to own property in unplanned areas.[12]

As of 2021, 17.3% of Åland’s population had a foreign background—the highest proportion among Finland’s regions. The largest group of foreign-background residents is from Sweden (7% of the total population), followed by Romania and Latvia.[55]

Population by country of origin (2021)
Country Residents
Total 30,344
 Finland 25,099
Foreign background 5,245
 Sweden 2,135
 Romania 557
 Latvia 477
 Estonia 211
 Thailand 169
 Russia 146
 Germany 126
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Former Yugoslavia 114
 Iran 104
 Philippines 98
 Poland 83
 United Kingdom 71
 Ukraine 65
 Syria 55
 Morocco 54
 Lithuania 43
 Norway 43
 United States 38
 Brazil 35
 Vietnam 35
Other 586

Population structure

[edit]
Population by sex and age group (1 July 2021)[56]
Age group Men Women Total %
Total 15,039 15,198 30,237 100.0
0–14 2,536 2,446 4,982 16.5
15–64 9,223 9,011 18,234 60.3
65+ 3,280 3,741 7,021 23.2

Åland has an ageing population: over 23% of residents are aged 65 or older. Working-age adults (15–64) make up 60% of the population, while children under 15 represent about 16%.

Education

[edit]
Main article: Education in Åland
Ålands lyceum in Mariehamn

In 2010, Åland had 22 publicly funded schools: 12 primary schools (grades 1–6), eight combined lower and upper secondary schools, and two upper secondary schools.[57]

Post-primary education is available at Ålands lyceum (a general upper secondary school) and the Åland Vocational School, which offers a double degree combining academic and vocational studies. Ålands lyceum enrolled 432 students in 2018.[58]

Åland University of Applied Sciences has approximately 600 students and offers programmes in maritime studies, mechanical and electrical engineering, IT, finance, hospitality, and health care.[59] Maritime education is coordinated under the Alandica Shipping Academy.[60]

Instruction is in Swedish. Finnish is a compulsory subject at upper secondary level but optional in primary school; however, about 80% of students study it. In 2006, there was a proposal to make Finnish optional at all levels.[61]

Religion

[edit]
St. Olaf's Church, Jomala is Åland's oldest church.

As of the most recent data, 70.5% of Åland’s population belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.[62]

Åland contains some of Finland’s oldest Christian churches. St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, built in the late 13th century, is likely the oldest. The largest is the Church of St. John [], located in Sund.[63]

Culture

[edit]

Literature

[edit]

Åland has produced several notable authors whose works are set in the islands. Anni Blomqvist is known for her five-volume Stormskärs Maja  [sv] series.[64] Sally Salminen gained international recognition with her 1936 novel Katrina.[65] Ulla-Lena Lundberg has written extensively about her native Kökar.

Cinema and television

[edit]

Several films set in Åland have gained recognition. The 2016 historical drama Devil's Bride, directed by Saara Cantell, portrays 17th-century witch trials in Åland.[66] It won Best Foreign Language Film at the 2017 Female Eye Film Festival in Toronto.[67]

The 2013 film Disciple, directed by Ulrika Bengts [sv], is also set in Åland.[68]

Sport

[edit]
See also: Football in Åland
Wiklöf Holding Arena in Mariehamn

Football is the most prominent sport in Åland. The Åland men’s national team competes in the Island Games, which Åland hosted in 1991 and 2009. The region also hosted the 1974 and 1977 tournaments. The Åland Football Association oversees local football activities and organizes competitions such as the Ålandscupen.

IFK Mariehamn is Åland’s top men’s club, competing in the Veikkausliiga, Finland’s highest football division. Åland United, founded in 2004, is the leading women’s club and plays in the Finnish national league. Both clubs are based in Mariehamn and play at the Wiklöf Holding Arena.

Additional local clubs include FC Åland, IF Finströms Kamraterna, IF Fram, and Lemlands IF.

Åland hosted the 2017 and 2018 editions of the Paf Masters, a women’s international curling tournament held in Eckerö.

The islands are home to the Åland Stags, a rugby union club established in 2012. Disc golf has grown in popularity in recent years, with several dedicated courses across the islands.

Heraldry

[edit]

The coat of arms of Åland displays a golden red deer on a blue field, traditionally surmounted by a comital coronet in the Swedish heraldic style.[19] This coat of arms was mistakenly granted to Öland in 1560 before being formally adopted by Åland.[18]

Notable people

[edit]
Georg August Wallin
Sally Salminen, 1941
Daniel Sjölund, 2010

Arts, literature, and academia

[edit]

Politics and public life

[edit]

Business and maritime

[edit]
  • Robert Mattson (1851–1935), shipowner and businessman
  • Gustaf Erikson (1872–1947), shipowner; operated the last fleet of commercial sailing ships

Design and architecture

[edit]
  • Stefan Lindfors (born 1962), industrial and interior designer, filmmaker, and sculptor

Sport

[edit]
  • Kaarlo Mäkinen (1892–1980), freestyle wrestler; Olympic medalist in 1924 and 1928
  • Frej Liewendahl (1902–1966), track and field athlete; gold medalist in 1924 Summer Olympics team event
  • Johan Hellström (1907–1989), Olympic boxer (1928)
  • Daniel Sjölund (born 1983), footballer; 380 club appearances and 37 caps for Finland
  • Robert Helenius (born 1984), heavyweight boxer, resident of Åland
  • Annica Sjölund (born 1985), footballer; 67 caps for the Finland women's national team
  • Adelina Engman (born 1994), footballer; 84 caps for the Finland women's national team

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Hannum, Hurst (1993). "Agreement between Sweden and Finland Relating to Guarantees in the Law of 7 May 1920 on the Autonomy of the Aaland Islands". Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 0-7923-1977-X. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Ahvenanmaa pähkinänkuoressa". Ahvenanmaa – ahaa! (in Finnish). 2007. p. 3.
  3. ^ a b "Ahvenanmaan historiaa lyhyesti". Pohjola Norden (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain, helmikuu.2016". Pxnet2.stat.fi. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  5. ^ Åsub. "Population". asub.ax. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Välkommen till ÅSUB! – Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå". Asub.ax. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  7. ^ "Facts about Åland | Nordic cooperation". norden.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  8. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  9. ^ "Åland in the European Union". Europe Information. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 2013. p. 7. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  10. ^ Åsub. "Population". asub.ax. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  11. ^ Rudmose-Brown, Robert Neal (1922). "Åland Islands" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.).
  12. ^ a b "Act on the Autonomy of Åland" (PDF). Finlex. 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  13. ^ Åland-Inseln (Finnland), 20. November 1994: Beitritt zur EU Archived 16 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Direct Democracy
  14. ^ "Åland in the European Union". Europe Information. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 2013. p. 7. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  15. ^ Virrankoski, Pentti (2001). Suomen historia. Ensimmäinen osa. SKS. ISBN 951-746-321-9. p. 59.
  16. ^ a b Huldén, Lars (2001). Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 951-583-071-0.
  17. ^ a b "Åland, the history". Åland Museum. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  18. ^ a b Nevéus, Clara; Wærn, Jacques de (1992). Ny Svensk Vapenbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Streiffert & Co Bokförlag HB. p. 32. ISBN 91-7886-092-X.
  19. ^ a b "Maakuntien vaakunat" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  20. ^ "Uneasy Sweden and the Menace of Prussianism" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  21. ^ Eriksson, Sussanne (1993). Åland Kort och gott [Åland in short] (in Swedish). Ålands landskapsstyrelse och Ålands lagting. ISBN 951-8946-00-0.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Barros, James (1968). The Åland Islands Question: Its Settlement by the League of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press. OCLC 875684322. Retrieved 26 January 2025 – via Google Books.
  • Mead, W. R.; Members of the Geographical Field Group (1964). Saltvik: Studies from an Åland Parish. Geographical Field Group Regional Studies. Vol. 10. Nottingham: Geographical Field Group, The University. OCLC 38532.
  • Sederholm, J. J. (1934). On Migmatites and Associated Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Southwestern Finland, Part III: The Åland Islands. Suomen Geologinen Toimikunta. Vol. 107. Helsinki: Government Press. OCLC 312139073.
[edit]

60°15′N 20°22′E / 60.250°N 20.367°E / 60.250; 20.367

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